For viewing in command prompt:
Get-SPLogEvent | ?{$_.Correlation -eq "<GUID>"} | SELECT Area, Category, Level, EventID, Message | Format-List
Export the results as text file:
Get-SPLogEvent | ?{$_.Correlation -eq "<GUID>"} | SELECT Area, Category, Level, EventID, Message | Format-List > C:\Error.log
Results can be retrieved faster if the time span is limited:
Get-SPLogEvent -StartTime YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss | ?{$_.Correlation -eq "xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"} | SELECT Area, Category, Level, EventID, Message | Format-List